Theory of Communication

Theories of discourse A surmise is a set of ideas that push aside be used to understand, explain and make predictions or so something. Theories of communication provide ways of analysing communication between muckle and give c be practitioners an insight into what works and why. Michael Argyle (19252002) was a social psychologist who researched and developed theories astir(predicate) hu earth communication and interpersonal inter perform. He focused on both verbal and non-verbal communication, plying out experimental research to test and develop his theoretical ideas (see Argyle, 1967, 1969 and 1975).Argyles communication cycle theory sets out to understand, explain and predict how communication occurs between bulk in one-to-one situations. In The Psychology of Interpersonal behavior (1967), Argyle proposed that communication is a skill that needs to be learnt and practised like any other skill. Argyles (1967) claim was that human communication is essentially a two-way proce ss that involves people sending, receiving and responding to each others verbal and non-verbal inwardnesss.The manslayer of the message keeps the communication going by responding to or by giving feedback to the original message. This process then repeats and builds into a communication cycle. Care practitioners need to aim an understanding of assort processes and patterns of group behaviour in order to interact and communicate well in the various group situations that they experience. Understanding how groups form and then develop is an important part of this. Bruce Tuck man (1965) outlined a model of group development based around a number of stages, or a sequence, of group activity.Tuck mans (1965) theory suggests that groups must go through and through these stages to be effective and that the pattern of communication in each of the four stages is different 1. Forming involves group members coming to conkher and request basic questions nigh the purpose and aims of the group , each members role within it and commitment to it. In this first stage of group development, members scarper to sense of smell quite anxious, lots prioritise their own interests and whitethorn feel disorientated in their interactions with others. A leader usually emerges in this early stage. . Storming, the second stage, is a layover of conflict within the group. Members may argue over the purpose of the group, may contest its aims and some meters resist the authority and role of the leader. In this stage, power and go out are the main issues. Eventually, the purpose of the group and the roles within it become clearer as power and control battles are won and lost. Without tolerance and patience at this stage, the team up will fail. Co-operation between members should begin to develop towards the end of this phase. . Norming is the stage when the groups identity develops. A strong set of shared values, norms of behaviour and a group culture emerge. The group arrives at one g oal and agrees a shared plan to achieve it. The group becomes more cohesive and group members tend to work together to resolve conflicts. 4. Performing is the stage when the group finally matures and gets down to working effectively. Members tend to focus more on the overall goal rather than on relationships between themselves.Relationships have, by this stage, become more comfortable and are based on trust and mutual support. Reflect A group may or may non reach the performing stage effective, high performing teams do nevertheless other less effective groups may get stuck at one of the earlier stages, particularly if they are unable to resolve the challenges or crises associated with that stage of group development. Effective communication within a group situation is a key influence on whether a group reaches the performing stag theory of dialogueCase Study Theory of Communication Introduction to Communication undecomposed communication and interpersonal skills are vital for su ccess in business. The ability to communicate clearly and persuasively is often seen as the key characteristic of the effective manager or administrator. High level communication skills are also essential in specialised functions, much(prenominal) as marketing, human resource management, public relations and secretarial. Communication is the means by which individual employees convey their wants, ideas and feelings to others,( not only managers or specialists). Process of Communication ContextMedium/Channel Message Feedback Noise Communication give the gate be defined as the process by which, ideas, information, opinions, attitude, and feeling are conveyed from one person to another. The communicator or sender is the person who initiates the conversation by sending a message. The receiver is the person who receives the messages and completes the communication by responding to it. Most communication is two way and has to have both a sender and receiver, either face to face or by ot her means such(prenominal) as telephone, letters, e-mails etc. Body run-in also plays a big part in communication. Sender EncodingReceiver Decoding Communication codes * Written wrangle * Spoken language * Dress * Body language * Pictures, photographs and graphic illustrations. * Sign language, Braille. * Numbers * Computer language Communication Medium The medium is the means used to transmit the message. Media can be categorised into five headings written, oral, visual, electronic and mass. Written media can provide a written record, can relay complex information, can be carefully thought out and mistakes can be edited. It takes time to produce and is more impersonal than speech. * Letter * Report * Memo * Press Release * Company magazine Advertising leaflet spontaneous media is more direct and personal, feedback is immediate. Oral media can be supported by body language. But there may be no record of what is give tongue to and if you say something you dont mean you cannot ta ke it back. * Conversation face to face or telephone * Interview * Meeting * Presentation * Oral brief Visual media can have an immediate impact, it can support verbal presentations. * Nonverbal * Diagrams * Charts * Photographs * Models Electronic media provides fast communication over long distance, can carry both verbal and visual information. * Video * Telephone * E-mail * InternetMass media is an important source of information it can reach a large number of people and can be used for advertising. * Television * Radio * Press * Film Channels of Communication The channel is the air that carries sound waves between speaker and meeter such as * Television channels * Radio * Postal system * Computer networks * Courier services * Telephone Barriers to Communication Effective communication is tough and mistakes are often made. We see this in everyday life, we complain when someone doesnt respond to our messages in the way we expect, they do not understand what we sincerely meant t o say.In business, difficulties with communication can cause disruption. Good business opportunities can be lost or disastrous management decisions made. A serious breakdown in communication can put the very future of a company at risk. Communication errors can never be completely eliminated. Nevertheless, we are plausibly to be more successful communicators if we are aware of the factors that cause communication to fail. Some obstacles stand in the way of communication and some of these can be avoided or overcome. Physical Barriers Among these barriers are poor hearing or eyesight, illness, tiredness, or stress.Other barriers can be, distractions such as an office that is in any case warm or too cold, uncomfortable seating, poor telephone connection or the noise of traffic heard from outside. If a person has a medical problem this may be sorted by a visit to a doctor. If the office is too hot or too cold the thermostat may be adapted and maybe closing the window would help to blo ck out the noise. Language Barriers To convey a message correctly it should be written clearly in a language that the receiver will understand. Mistakes in spelling can harm communication.Sometimes local jargon can disrupt good communication it may be acceptable in a specialised trade or profession. Slang or local accents may be difficult for outsiders to understand. Nonverbal Barriers seventh cranial nerve expression, posture and eye movement all reveal our feelings and attitudes to the receiver. When there is conflict between a verbal and non verbal signal, it is the nonverbal signal that tends to be believed. A person may say that they are outgoing and confident but this might be contradicted by nervous body language. Poor Listening Good auditory sense is often the most important part of communication.Listening give us a better understanding of the other persons point of view, maintains friendships and helps business collaboration. When not listening properly, we often miss an important point in a conversation. Problems with Perception Perception is how we make sense of ourselves and the world around us. We perceive the world through the senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell. We also have some physiological based intuitions such as sensation of pain, heat, cold etc. We have mental perceptions such as thoughts, daydreams and fantasies.The brain registers these different stimuli and organises them into shapes and patterns that we can understand. Mistakes can arise if we think other people perceive things the same way that we do ourselves. Often they dont and this is a common cause of communication failure. Attitudinal Barriers Stereotyping, prejudice and unwanted attribution are among the attitudinal barriers that can do the most damage to our ability to our ability to hit effectively to others. * Stereotyping We stereotype other people when we assume they will behave in a certain way just because of their appearance, role or a particular socia l group.We may be surprised to find that conservatively dressed people have radical views or that the big person clothing a studded jacket and driving a Harley Davidson turns out to be as gentle as a lamb. Judging by appearance gives an neither and often distorted picture of what a person is really like. * Prejudice Prejudice is an attitude of hostility based on faulty generalisations, such as stereotypes. It may be directed at individuals or groups. Prejudice can be damaging to communications if a person believes that another person is inferior, subversive, threatening, not fully part of the community and so on.If we consider another person less than ourselves, we are unlikely to value what they have to say. Prejudice is often a part of ignorance but maybe better education will improve this. * AttributionEven when we avoid stereotyping, we still make the mistake of judging people on flimsy evidence. We should not listen to what other people say, this can sometimes be misleading. Having an accurate picture of people is vital for effective communication, but it is something that can only be built up slowly through time, insight and regular con readiness. The Principles of Effective Communication As a Communicator 1.Think carefully about your objectives before communicating. What do you want to achieve? Do you want to inform, persuade, advise or consult the receiver? What kind of response do you hope to get? When you have answered questions like these then you can think about the content of the message and how you define it. 2. Put yourself in the communicators shoes. The receivers perception may not be the same as yours. They may think differently or have different opinions. You may need to communicate with tact and sensitivity. 3. Choose the right medium or combination of media. Difficulties can arise if the wrong medium is used.If you try to describe a complicated process by speech alone the audience may not understand it. A combination of words and graphic s may work better. 4. Organise your ideas and express them carefully. government issue time to structure your ideas in a logical sequence. When choosing your words, take into consideration the receivers understanding and linguistic ability. Try to use words that the receiver will understand. workout language suitable to the communication taking place, informal language that may be used on the shop floor may not be suitable or appropriate for a business meeting. 5.Consider the context, breakdowns in communication often occur because the receiver is given information at the wrong time or place. Even important messages can be forgotten if the receiver is busy or preoccupied with something else. 6. Check for feedback, make sure your message has been reliable and understood. When speaking face to face look for signs of puzzlement in your listeners, be prepared to explain if necessary. Although the main responsibility for communicating a message rests with the sender, the receiver also has to listen and make sure they understand and relay the message to the right person. As a Receiver 1.Give the message your full attention. Many messages are misunderstood because the receiver is not concentrating, they are daydreaming, or there are too many distractions. 2. Interpret the message correctly. This requires effort and proper listening, if you are unsealed of what is said ask for it to be repeated. Check the meaning of unfamiliar words or references. In spoken communication listen actively and with empathy. Be bracing for nuances that may subtly alter the meaning of the message. 3. Keep an open mind, you should not allow dislike of the communicator, or disagreement with their beliefs to influence your judgement.Make an objective assessment of the message no matter what your relationship with the sender. 4. Record information you are likely to forget. You should write down any information you are likely to forget such as, telephone numbers, names, dates etc. The info rmation should be recorded properly in a secure place, not on a scrap of paper that can get lost among other papers on a busy desk. 5. Respond appropriately to the communicator by providing feedback, following up enquiries or whatever action is necessary.